New Zealand citizens travelling on New Zealand passports are permitted to enter a number of foreign countries without the need to apply for a visa prior to arrival under certain conditions.
Where visa-free access is permitted or a visa-on-arrival facility is available, such access is not necessarily a right, and admission is at the discretion of border enforcement officers. Many foreign countries require New Zealanders engaging in activities other than tourism, including unpaid work, to apply for a visa or work permit. However, a few countries, such as France and Germany, do permit New Zealanders to work during their visa-exempt stay.
According to the Henley Visa Restrictions Index 2011, New Zealand citizens can travel to 166 countries visa-free / with visa on arrival.[1]
Contents |
The following countries and territories allow New Zealand citizens to enter without having to apply for a visa in advance as long as they fulfil certain conditions.
Countries and Territories | Conditions and length of advance visa exemption | Reciprocity of entry conditions imposed by New Zealand |
---|---|---|
Botswana | 90 days [3] | |
Burundi | Visa can be obtained upon arrival [4] | |
Cape Verde | Visa can be obtained upon arrival [5] | |
Comoros | A free 24 h transit visa issued upon arrival at the airport. Within 24 hours this must be converted into a full visa at the immigration office in Moroni (fee payable) [6] |
|
Djibouti | 1-month visa can be obtain upon arrival for DJF5,000 with onward ticket, entry documents for next destination, sufficient funds and, if a tourist, part of an organised group [7] | |
Egypt | 30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$20 [8] | |
Eritrea | 1-month visa issued on arrival with a passport photo if requested by local sponsor at least 48 hours before arrival (visa renewable for a further 2 months) [9] | |
Ethiopia | 6-month tourist visa issued upon arrival (Addis Ababa Airport only; US$40 and two passport photos required) [10] | |
Gambia | 90 days [11] | |
Ghana | Visa issued on arrival for US$100 if the arrangement has been confirmed at least 48 hours prior to arrival by the Ghana Immigration Service [12] | |
Kenya | 3 month visa issued upon arrival for US$50 [13] | |
Lesotho | 14 days [14] | |
Madagascar | 90-day visa issued upon arrival for MGA 140,000 [15] | |
Malawi | 90 days [16] | |
Mauritius | 60 days (tourist), 90 days (business) [17][18] | |
Mayotte | 90 days (during which work/paid activities are permitted) [19] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Morocco | 3 months [20] | |
Mozambique | 30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$25 [21][22] | |
Namibia | 3 months [23] | |
Réunion | 90 days (during which work/paid activities are permitted) [24] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Saint Helena | 90 days | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Saint Helenans (who as British Overseas Territories Citizens are eligible to register automatically as full British citizens) can enter NZ visa-free for 6 months |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 1-month visa issued upon arrival for USD100 if arranged through the airline up to 24 hours before arrival [25] | |
Seychelles | 1 month [26] | |
South Africa | 90 days [27] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Swaziland | 30 days [28] | |
Tanzania | visa issued upon arrival for USD 50 [29] | |
Togo | 7-day visa can be obtain upon arrival with onward ticket, yellow fever vaccination certificate and 3 passport photos for XOF10,000~35,000 [30] | |
Uganda | 30-day visa can be obtained upon arrival for USD 50 [31][32] | |
Zambia | visa issued upon arrival (single entry visa fee USD 50) [33] | |
Zimbabwe | 3-month holiday/1-month business visa issued upon arrival for USD 30 ~ 55 [34] |
Countries and Territories | Conditions and length of advance visa exemption | Reciprocity of entry conditions imposed by New Zealand |
---|---|---|
Anguilla | 3 months [35][36] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Anguillans (who as British Overseas Territories Citizens are eligible to register automatically as full British citizens) can enter NZ visa-free for 6 months |
Antigua and Barbuda | 1 month [37][38] | |
Argentina | 90 days [39] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Aruba | 30 days [40] [41] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Arubans (who are Dutch citizens) can enter NZ visa-free for 3 months |
Bahamas | 3 months [42] | |
Barbados | 6 months [43] | |
Belize | 1 month [44] | |
Bermuda | 6 months [45][46] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Bolivia | 30 days [47] | |
Brazil | 90 days [48] | Full reciprocity achieved |
British Virgin Islands | 30 days [49] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; British Virgin Islanders (who as British Overseas Territories Citizens are eligible to register automatically as full British citizens) can enter NZ visa-free for 6 months |
Canada | 6 months [50][51] | |
Cayman Islands | 30 days [52] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Cayman Islanders (who as British Overseas Territories Citizens are eligible to register automatically as full British citizens) can enter NZ visa-free for 6 months |
Chile | 90 days [53] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Colombia | 90 days [54] | |
Costa Rica | 90 days [55] | |
Cuba | 30 days provided holding a Tourist Card from travel agency/tour operator/airline [56] | |
Dominica | 21 days [57] | |
Dominican Republic | 30-day tourist card issued on arrival USD 10 [58] | |
Ecuador | 90 days [59] | |
El Salvador | 90 days [60] | |
Falkland Islands | 30 days [61] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Falkland Islanders (who as British Overseas Territories Citizens are eligible to register automatically as full British citizens) can enter NZ visa-free for 6 months |
French Guiana | 90 days (during which work/paid activities are permitted) [62] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Greenland | 90 days [63] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Grenada | 3 months [64] | |
Guadeloupe | 90 days (during which work/paid activities are permitted) [65] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Guatemala | 90 days [66] | |
Guyana | 90 days [67] | |
Haiti | 3 months [68][69] | |
Honduras | 3 months [70] | |
Jamaica | visa-free access [71][72] | |
Martinique | 90 days (during which work/paid activities are permitted) [73] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Mexico | 180 days tourist/30 days business [74][75] | |
Montserrat | 3 months [76] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Montserratians (who as British Overseas Territories Citizens are eligible to register automatically as full British citizens) can enter NZ visa-free for 6 months |
Netherlands Antilles | 3 months [77] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Nicaragua | 90 days [78] | |
Panama | 30-day Tourist card issued upon arrival USD5 [79] | |
Peru | 90 days [80] | |
Puerto Rico | 90 days (entry under federal Visa Waiver Program requires online ESTA in advance for a fee of US$ 14.00) [81] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Saint Barthélemy | 90 days (during which work/paid activities are permitted) [82] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 3 months [83][84] | |
Saint Lucia | 42 days [85] | |
Saint Martin | 90 days (during which work/paid activities are permitted) [86] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 90 days (during which work/paid activities are permitted) [87] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1 month [88] | |
Turks and Caicos Islands | 30 days [89] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Turks and Caicos Islanders (who as British Overseas Territories Citizens are eligible to register automatically as full British citizens) can enter NZ visa-free for 6 months |
United States of America | 90 days (entry under Visa Waiver Program requires online ESTA in advance for US$14) [90] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Uruguay | 3 months [91] | Full reciprocity achieved |
U.S. Virgin Islands | 90 days (entry under federal Visa Waiver Program requires online ESTA in advance for a fee of US$14.00) [92] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Venezuela | 3 months [93] |
Countries and Territories | Conditions and length of advance visa exemption | Reciprocity of entry conditions imposed by New Zealand |
---|---|---|
ASEAN |
||
Brunei Darussalam | 30 days [94] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Bruneian nationals can enter NZ visa-free for 3 months |
Cambodia | 30-day visa issued upon arrival for USD 20/USD 25 [95] | |
Indonesia | 30-day visa issued upon arrival for USD 25 [96] | |
Laos | 30-day visa issued upon arrival for USD 30 [97] | |
Malaysia | 90 days [98] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Philippines | 21 days [99] | |
Singapore | 30 days [100] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Singaporean nationals can enter NZ visa-free for 3 months |
Thailand | 30 days, 15 days (if entering by land) [101] | |
Non-ASEAN |
||
Armenia | 120-day visa issued upon arrival for AMD 15,000 [102] | |
Bahrain | 14-day visa issued upon arrival for BHD5 [103][104] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Bahraini nationals can enter NZ visa-free for 3 months |
Bangladesh | 90-day visa issued upon arrival for USD50 [105] | |
Cyprus | 90 days [106] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Georgia | 360 days [107] | |
Hong Kong | 90 days [108] | Full reciprocity achieved |
India | 30 day visa issued on arrival for US$ 60 (Applicable for entry from Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata airports only)[109][110] | |
Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan only) | Visa issued upon arrival at Erbil airport (free of charge)}} [111] | |
Israel | 3 months [112] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Japan | 3 months [113] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Jordan | 1 month visa issued upon arrival for JOD20 or free of charge if travelling as part of a tour group [114] | |
Korea, Republic of | 90 days [115] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Kuwait | 3-month visa issued upon arrival for KWD5 [116] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Kuwaiti nationals can enter NZ visa-free for 3 months free of charge |
Kyrgyzstan | 1-month visa issued upon arrival (fee USD 35 ~ USD 70) [117] | |
Lebanon | 1-month visa issued upon arrival (free of charge)}} [118][119] | |
Macau | 30 days [120] | |
Maldives | 30 days [121] | |
Nepal | 15/30/90 day visa issued on arrival for $25/40/100 [122] | |
Oman | visa issued upon arrival : 1 month (OMR 6), 1 year multiple entries stay up to 3-week per visit (OMR 10) [123] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Omani nationals can enter NZ visa-free for 3 months |
Sri Lanka | 1 month visa issued upon arrival [124] | |
Syria | 15 day visa issued upon arrival [125] | |
Taiwan | 90 days [126] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Timor-Leste | 30-day visa issued upon arrival for USD 30 [127] | |
Qatar | 1 month visa issued upon arrival for QAR 100 (must arrive via Qatar Airways) [128] | |
United Arab Emirates | 1 month visa issued upon arrival free of charge [129] [130] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Emirati nationals can enter NZ visa-free for 3 months |
Countries and Territories | Conditions and length of advance visa exemption | Reciprocity of entry conditions imposed by New Zealand |
---|---|---|
Schengen Area | 90 days in a half year (or more in certain circumstances - see below for more information) [131][132] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Albania | 90 days [133] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Albanian nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Andorra | 90 days [134] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 90 days [135] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Bosnian nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Bulgaria | 90 days in a half year [136] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Croatia | 90 days [137][138] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Croatian nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Ireland | 3 months [139] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Kosovo | 90 days [140] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Kosovan nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Liechtenstein | 90 days [141] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Macedonia | 90 days [142] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Macedonian nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Monaco | 90 days [143] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Montenegro | 90 days [144] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Montenegrin nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Romania | 90 days [145] | Full reciprocity achieved |
San Marino | 90 days [146] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Serbia | 90 days [147] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Serbian nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Turkey | 90 days [148] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Turkish nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
United Kingdom (incl. Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey) | 6 months (during which study as a student visitor at non-government funded institutions - though not work - is permitted) or 3 months if arriving directly from the Irish Republic (see below for more information) [149][150] | Full reciprocity achieved |
During the visa exemption period, New Zealand citizens are permitted to work in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden.[2]
Normally, Schengen states permit Annex II foreign nationals (i.e. those who are visa-exempt) to stay visa-free in the Schengen area as a whole - rather than each country individually - for a period not exceeding 3 months every 6 months. However, the New Zealand Government has signed bilateral visa waiver agreements with a number of the individual countries who are Schengen signatories, which allow New Zealand citizens to spend up to three months in the relevant country, without reference to time spent in other Schengen signatory states.[3][4][5][6] Since these agreements continue to remain valid despite the implementation of the Schengen agreement, the European Commission has confirmed that in practice if New Zealanders visit Schengen countries which have signed these types of bilateral agreements with New Zealand, then the terms of these agreements override the conditions normally imposed as a result of the Schengen visa exemption agreement.
New Zealand has individual bilateral visa waiver agreements with the following Schengen signatories:
Consequently, New Zealand citizens can visit the above Schengen states visa-free for periods of up to 3 months in each country. If, however, a New Zealand citizen then visits another Schengen state not included in the list above, the restriction of no more than 3 months out of a 6-month period in the Schengen area as a whole applies. Therefore, if a New Zealand citizen has already spent 3 months in one or more of the above Schengen countries, any visits to another Schengen country without a bilateral visa waiver agreement with New Zealand may lead to difficulties with local law enforcement agencies (e.g. being accused of having overstayed upon leaving a Schengen country which is not in the list above).
For entry into Hungary, even if a New Zealand citizen has already spent up to 3 months in other parts of the Schengen area, he/she can enter Hungary and remain there for up to a further 90 days visa-free. But following this period, if 3 months has already spent elsewhere in the Schengen area, he/she must then leave the Schengen area from Hungary and go directly to a country outside the Schengen area (which in practice obliges one to travel by air). New Zealand citizens who wish to stay in Hungary for more than 90 days can apply for a residence card from the regional directorate of the Office of Immigration and Nationality within 90 days of arrival and do not need to obtain a residence permit prior to arrival in Hungary (unlike most other non-EEA and Swiss foreign nationals).[7]
Germany permits New Zealand citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to apply for a residence permit after arrival (whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens, a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be applied for in advance at a German foreign mission).[8][9]
The Netherlands exempts New Zealand citizens from the requirement to obtain a Schengen category "D" visa (the visa issued for long term stays over 90 days, known in Dutch as the "MVV" visa) - an exemption which goes beyond the visa waiver afforded to most other non-EEA and non-Swiss foreign nationals who are usually only given a visa waiver of up to 90 days in a 180 day period.[10]
Although a Schengen signatory state, Switzerland offers New Zealand citizens a more generous visa exemption than that which Schengen rules normally provide for. Not only are New Zealand citizens able to spend 3 months visa-free in Switzerland, they can also stay for over 3 months (i.e. without time limit) without the need to apply for a visa.[11] However, at a cantonal level, individual cantonal migration authorities may impose further requirements, such as the need to register for a residence permit, if a New Zealand citizen wants to take up employment or reside for over 3 months, in which case a residence permit must be applied for before entry to Switzerland.
New Zealand citizens are able to visit the United Kingdom for up to 6 months (or 3 months if they enter from the Republic of Ireland) without the need to apply for a visa as long as they fulfil all of the following criteria:
However, even though, strictly speaking, he/she is not required to apply for a visa if he/she satisfies all of the above criteria, a New Zealand citizen who falls into any of the following categories is strongly advised by the UK Border Agency to apply for a visa prior to travelling to the UK:
New Zealand citizens who were born before 1983 and qualify for the right of abode are able to live and work in the United Kingdom indefinitely.
New Zealand citizens with a grandparent born either in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands or Isle of Man at any time or in the Republic of Ireland on or before 31 March 1922 can apply for UK Ancestry Entry Clearance, which enables them to work in the UK for 5 years, after which they can apply to settle indefinitely.
New Zealand citizens aged 18 to 30 can apply for a Youth Mobility Scheme visa which allows them to pursue a working holiday in the UK for 2 years.
New Zealand citizens can study in the United Kingdom for up to 6 months as a student visitor without the need to apply for a visa as long as they do not work during this period. If attending a course which is longer than 6 months, New Zealand citizens can apply for a Tier 4 student visa in New Zealand or in the UK merely by completing the application form, quoting the Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) reference number issued to them by their UK education provider and presenting evidence of care arrangements (if under the age of 18); they do not need to submit proof of sufficient funds, qualifications or English language ability (which most other foreign nationals need to demonstrate) as long as the UK education provider is recognised as a 'Highly Trusted' sponsor by the UK Border Agency. However, the UK Border Agency reserves the right to request such evidence in particular situations and New Zealand citizens must still present such evidence if applying for a Tier 4 student visa outside New Zealand or the UK. New Zealand citizens who have been issued with a Tier 4 student visa (but not those who are in the UK as student visitors) can work in the UK for up to 20 hours per week during term-time and without time restrictions outside term-time.
Countries and Territories | Conditions and length of advance visa exemption | Reciprocity of entry conditions imposed by New Zealand |
---|---|---|
American Samoa | 30 days [151] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; U.S. nationals can enter NZ visa-free for 3 months |
Australia | Unrestricted residence and employment rights (see below for more information) [152] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Cook Islands | 31 days [153] [154] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Cook Islanders can enter NZ visa-free indefinitely |
Fiji | 4 months [155] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Fijian nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
French Polynesia | 90 days (during which work/paid activities are permitted) [156] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Guam | Either 45 days (Guam-CNMI Visa Waiver Program)
Or 90 days (federal Visa Waiver Program - free online ESTA required in advance) [157] [158] |
Full reciprocity achieved |
Kiribati | 30 days [159] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Kiribatian nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Marshall Islands | 30 days [160] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Marshallese nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Federated States of Micronesia | 30 days [161] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Micronesian nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Nauru | 30-day visa issued on arrival (free of charge) [162] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Nauruan nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
New Caledonia | 90 days (during which work/paid activities are permitted) [163] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Niue | 30 days [164] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Niueans can enter NZ visa-free indefinitely |
Norfolk Island | visa not required [165] | Full reciprocity achieved |
Northern Mariana Islands | Either 45 days (Guam-CNMI Visa Waiver Program)
Or 90 days (federal Visa Waiver Program - free online ESTA required in advance) [166] [167] |
Full reciprocity achieved |
Palau | 30 days [168][169] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Palauan nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Papua New Guinea | 60-day visa issued upon arrival for PGK100 (tourist), PGK500 (business) [170] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Papua New Guinean nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Samoa | 60 days [171] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Samoan nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Solomon Islands | 3 months [172] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Solomon Islands nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Tokelau | free cruising permit can be obtained in Apia, Samoa [173] | Full reciprocity not achieved for NZ citizens; Tokelauans can enter NZ visa-free indefinitely |
Tonga | 31 days [174] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Tongan nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Tuvalu | 1-month [175] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Tuvaluan nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Vanuatu | 30 days [176] | Full reciprocity not achieved; Vanuatuan nationals require a visa in advance to enter NZ |
Wallis and Futuna | 90 days (during which work/paid activities are permitted) [177] |
By virtue of the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement, New Zealand citizens are granted a Special Category Visa on arrival in Australia (which permits residence and work for an indefinite period) as long as:[14]
New Zealand nationals are also able to apply for working holiday visas in the following countries (which allows work alongside travel).
Countries and Territories | Conditions of access | Age restrictions | Reciprocity of entry conditions imposed by New Zealand |
---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 12 months (ordinarily resident in NZ at time of application) [178] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Brazil | 12 months (ordinarily resident in NZ at time of application) | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Canada | 12 months [179] | 18–35 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Chile | 12 months [180] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Countries and Territories | Conditions of access | Age restrictions | Reciprocity of entry conditions imposed by New Zealand |
---|---|---|---|
Hong Kong | 12 months (maximum work length for one employer is 3 months; study permitted for one course lasting no more than 3 months) [181] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Japan | 12 months [182] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Singapore | 6 months (the applicant must be in university education - either undergraduate or graduate) [183] | 17–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
South Korea | 12 months (maximum work length for one employer is 3 months; study permitted for Korean language courses lasting no more than 3 months) [184] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Taiwan | 12 months (initial visa lasts 180 days, after which it can be extended for another 180 days; maximum work length for one employer is 3 months; Chinese language study permitted lasting no more than 3 months) [185] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Thailand | 12 months (must have completed at least 3 years of tertiary education) [186] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Countries and Territories | Conditions of access | Age restrictions | Reciprocity of entry conditions imposed by New Zealand |
---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 12 months (study permitted lasting no more than 3 months) [187] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Czech Republic | 12 months (maximum work length for one employer is 3 months; study permitted for one course lasting no more than 3 months) [188] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Denmark | 12 months (maximum work length for one employer is 6 months; study permitted lasting no more than 3 months) [189] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Estonia | 12 months (maximum work length for one employer is 3 months; study permitted for one course lasting no more than 3 months) [190] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Finland | 12 months [191] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
France | 12 months (after obtaining a visa from a French foreign mission, a residence permit must then be obtained upon arrival in France from the local Labour Department office) [192] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Germany | 12 months [193] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Ireland | 12 months [194] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Norway | 12 months (maximum work length for one employer is 3 months; a further extension of 12 months is possible) [195] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
Spain | 12 months (maximum work length for one employer is 3 months, with a maximum of 6 months work allowed in total) [196] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity not achieved; Application process for New Zealanders is much more extensive than for Spaniards |
Sweden | 12 months [197] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
United Kingdom | 24 months (privately funded study also permitted) [198] | 18–30 years old | Full reciprocity achieved |
|